The Bolshevik failure in the July Days proved temporary. In one 1904 survey, it was found that an average of 16 people shared each apartment in Saint Petersburg, with six people per room. Lenin and his associates, however, had to agree to travel to Russia in a sealed train: Germany would not take the chance that he would foment revolution in Germany. They met in the same building as the emerging Provisional Government not to compete with the Duma Committee for state power, but to best exert pressure on the new government, to act, in other words, as a popular democratic lobby. Source – greatgameindia.com – “…One of the greatest myths of contemporary history is that the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia was a popular uprising of the downtrodden masses against the hated ruling class of the Tsars.However, the planning, the leadership and especially the financing came entirely from outside Russia, mostly from financiers in Germany, Britain and the United States. This armed uprising was fought against the antagonizing Bolshevik economic policies that farmers were subjected to, including seizures of grain crops by the Communists. "Doklad petrogradskogo okhrannogo otdeleniia osobomu otdelu departamenta politsii" ["Report of the Petrograd Okhrana to the Special Department of the Department of the Police"], October 1916, Krasnyi arkhiv 17 (1926), 4–35 (quotation 4). There were many encouragements to expect more from life. The remaining loyal units switched allegiance the next day.[18]. Strikes increased steadily from the middle of 1915, and so did crime, but, for the most part, people suffered and endured, scouring the city for food. He was now held personally responsible for Russia's continuing defeats and losses. In 1917 two revolutions took place in Russia – in reality both of these revolutions were the two phases of a single revolution. At the beginning of February, Petrograd workers began several strikes and demonstrations. Their attitudes became known as the Zimmerwald Left. In November 1917, without warning, Bolshevik Red Guards made up of armed factory workers stormed the Winter Palace in Petrograd. [41] This ended the rebellions fairly quickly, causing many of the rebels to flee seeking political exile.[42]. They eventually reached the Easterly Siberian Russian coast in Vladivostok, four years after the war began, an occupation that is believed to have ended all significant military campaigns in the nation. Vladimir Lenin. (J. Reed, Ten Days th At that time, as has already been pointed out, Russia was a backward agricultural country. Majority of deputies of the Petrograd Soviet approve a Bolshevik resolution for an all-socialist government excluding the bourgeoisie. A report by the St. Petersburg branch of the security police, the Okhrana, in October 1916, warned bluntly of "the possibility in the near future of riots by the lower classes of the empire enraged by the burdens of daily existence."[13]. According to Edvard Radzinsky and Dmitrii Volkogonov, the order came directly from Lenin and Yakov Sverdlov in Moscow. Victorious, they reconstituted themselves as the Communist Party. Bolshevik members of the Duma are arrested; they are later tried and exiled to. This struggle was waged side by side with the other great struggle of the Bolshevik Revolution—the effort to transform backward Russia into a modern industrial state that could be independent of the outside world. [14] The next day, a series of meetings and rallies were held for International Women's Day, which gradually turned into economic and political gatherings. In 1914 there were few really landless peasants. They were generally viewed as anextremist group and had very little popular support when they beganserious efforts in April 1917.By October, the Bolsheviks’ popular base was much larger; thoughstil… "No matter what one thinks of Bolshevism, it is undeniable that the Russian Revolution is one of the greatest events in human history, and the rule of the Bolsheviki a phenomenon of worldwide importance." ", Duiker, William J. Nevertheless, Kerensky still faced several great challenges, highlighted by the soldiers, urban workers, and peasants, who claimed that they had gained nothing by the revolution: The political group that proved most troublesome for Kerensky, and would eventually overthrow him, was the Bolshevik Party, led by Vladimir Lenin. One interpretation of the United States' involvement in the Vietnam War is "America had lost a guerrilla war in Asia, a loss of caused by failure to appreciate the nuances of counterinsurgency war. This was mainly because, as the war progressed, many of the officers who were loyal to the Tsar were killed, being replaced by discontented conscripts from the major cities who had little loyalty to the Tsar. Dissatisfaction with Russian autocracy culminated in the huge national upheaval that followed the Bloody Sunday massacre of January 1905, in which hundreds of unarmed protesters were shot by the Tsar's troops. Soon after, civil war erupted among the "Reds" (Bolsheviks), the "Whites" (counter-revolutionaries), the independence movements, and other socialist factions opposed to the Bolsheviks. It was 12 days behind the Gregorian calendar during the 19th century and thirteen days behind it during the 20th century. Since the autumn of 1914, he had insisted that "from the standpoint of the working class and of the labouring masses the lesser evil would be the defeat of the Tsarist Monarchy"; the war must be turned into a civil war of the proletarian soldiers against their own governments, and if a proletarian victory should emerge from this in Russia, then their duty would be to wage a revolutionary war for the liberation of the masses throughout Europe. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, International Responses to the Russian Civil War (Russian Empire), Social Conflict and Control, Protest and Repression (Russian Empire), Governments, Parliaments and Parties (Russian Empire), Labour Movements, Trade Unions and Strikes (Russian Empire), Organization of War Economies (Russian Empire), Orlando Figes's free educational website on the Russian Revolution and Soviet history, Soviet history archive at www.marxists.org, Archival footage of the Russian Revolution // Net-Film Newsreels and Documentary Films Archive, Kevin Murphy's Isaac and Tamara Deutscher Memorial Prize lecture Can we Write the History of the Russian Revolution, Thanks to Trotsky, the 'insurrection' was bloodless, The Bolsheviks and workers' control: the state and counter-revolution - Maurice Brinton, Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks, Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine, Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia, Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee, Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution&oldid=996431361, Aftermath of World War I in Russia and in the Soviet Union, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007, Articles with disputed statements from February 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The Bolsheviks had secured a strong base of support within the Soviets and, as the supreme governing party, established a federal government dedicated to reorganizing the former empire into the world's first socialist state, to practice soviet democracy on a national and international scale. The Russian Revolution has been portrayed in or served as backdrop for many films. While rural agrarian peasants had been emancipated from serfdom in 1861, they still resented paying redemption payments to the state, and demanded communal tender of the land they worked. Russian Revolution, also called Russian Revolution of 1917, two revolutions in 1917, the first of which, in February (March, New Style), overthrew the imperial government and the second of which, in October (November), placed the Bolsheviks in power. The Bolshevik party harnessed the revolutionary spirit from the overthrow of the Tsarist regime in order to overthrow the Provisional government and eventually seize power. By the end of 1914, only five months into the war, around 390,000 Russian men had lost their lives and nearly 1,000,000 were injured. Cuba's revolution contributed to escalating tensions between the United States and USSR during Cold War, such as the CIA's failed Bay of Pigs Invasion by Cuban exiles in April 1961, and the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962. Russian troops stopped retreating, and there were even some modest successes in the offensives that were staged that year, albeit at great loss of life. In fact, historians such as Sheila Fitzpatrick have asserted that Lenin's exhortations for the Soviet Council to take power were intended to arouse indignation both with the Provisional Government, whose policies were viewed as conservative, and the Soviets themselves, which were viewed as subservients to the conservative government. Demonstrations were organised to demand bread, and these were supported by the industrial working force who considered them a reason for continuing the strikes. Many Americans are under the delusion that the Russian Revolution was merely a revolution of industrial workers against a small but powerful group of capitalists. During the Civil War, Nestor Makhno led a Ukrainian anarchist movement, the Black Army allied to the Bolsheviks thrice, one of the powers ending the alliance each time. Choose from 500 different sets of bolshevik revolution russian flashcards on Quizlet. The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia Name: Institution: The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia otherwise referred to as the Red October, or October Uprising was a politically motivated revolution, which took place in 1917. Daniel Orlovsky, "Corporatism or democracy: the Russian Provisional Government of 1917. This did not happen, in the long run, because the Soviet government had no intention of transforming peasants into individual property owners. As a result, they tended to hoard their grain and to revert to subsistence farming. Castro's 26th of July Movement and Cuban Revolution followed in the footsteps of the Sergeant's Revolt in Cuba in 1933, similarly to how the 1905 Revolution in Russia preceded the October Revolution. Between 1890 and 1910, the population of the capital, Saint Petersburg, swelled from 1,033,600 to 1,905,600, with Moscow experiencing similar growth. China's current leaders retain that Mao "developed the theory of revolutionary socialism" whilst reformer Deng Xiopeng "developed the theory of building socialism with Chinese characteristics. The elections to the Russian Constituent Assembly took place 25 November 1917. The poor conditions only aggravated the situation, with the number of strikes and incidents of public disorder rapidly increasing in the years shortly before World War I. Factory workers played an important role in destroying the old government and in defending the new Soviet regime as it proceeded to socialize production (first of all in industry and trade, then in agriculture). Volumes have already been written on the subject of the Bolshevik Revolution and many more will be written in the years to come. [21] On 16 March [O.S. Beach, Blue, Red Beach, and Green Beach. Radzinsky noted that Lenin's bodyguard personally delivered the telegram ordering the execution and that he was ordered to destroy the evidence. The soldiers refused to follow the new orders. Early in 1916, Guchkov discussed with senior army officers and members of the Central War Industries Committee about a possible coup to force the abdication of the Tsar. The execution may have been carried out on the initiative of local Bolshevik officials, or it may have been an option pre-approved in Moscow should White troops approach Yekaterinburg. [citation needed], The rapid industrialization of Russia also resulted in urban overcrowding and poor conditions for urban industrial workers (as mentioned above). Change was facilitated by the physical movement of growing numbers of peasant villagers who migrated to and from industrial and urban environments, but also by the introduction of city culture into the village through material goods, the press, and word of mouth. [48] Portrayals of notable revolutionary figures such as Lenin were done in iconographic methods, equating them similarly to religious figures, though religion itself was banned in the USSR and groups such as the Russian Orthodox Church were persecuted.[48]. (On arrival back in Russia, these soldiers were either imprisoned or sent straight back into the front.). This did not happen in 1917. Growing numbers of socialists and lower-class Russians viewed the government less as a force in support of their needs and interests. The Petrograd soviet wanted complete rule over Russia. This breathtaking pace in a country whose leaders, rightly or wrongly, considered it to be constantly menaced by a hostile “capitalist encirclement,” explains much that has seemed chaotic in Russia. This non-elected provisional government faced the revolutionary situation and the growing mood against the war by avoiding elections to the state Duma. To further secure the new state, the Bolsheviks established the Cheka, a secret police that functioned as a revolutionary security service to weed out, execute, or punish those considered to be "enemies of the people" in campaigns consciously modeled on those of the French Revolution. ", article "Civil War and military intervention in Russia 1918–20", Big Soviet Encyclopedia, third edition (30 volumes), 1969–78, "The Kronstadt Mutiny notes on Orlando Figes, A People's Tragedy (1996)". The Russian revolution unfolded over nine months. The October Revolutionwas a much more deliberate event, orchestrated by a small groupof people. World War I added to the chaos. Over the course of the spring, public dissatisfaction with the Provisional Government and the war, in particular among workers, soldiers and peasants, pushed these groups to radical parties. [59] Since the fall of Communism (and the USSR) in Russia in 1991, the Western-Totalitarian view has again become dominant and the Soviet-Marxist view has practically vanished. Most peasant families owned land either individually or as part of a collective group called the mir or commune. [31] The Bolshevik Central Committee drafted a resolution, calling for the dissolution of the Provisional Government in favor of the Petrograd Soviet. "Battlefield 1 – In the Name of the Tsar – Battlefield Official Site", Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War, Russia in War and Revolution, 1914–1922: A Documentary History, Social Identities in Revolutionary Russia, Russia in War and Revolution, 1914-1922: A Documentary History, 1914-1918-online. ", Smith, Steve. The vast demand for factory production of war supplies and workers resulted in many more labor riots and strikes. In his most famous works—Capital and The Communist Manifesto—Marx had expressed the belief that the communist revolution would take place in a highly industrialized country like Germany, or possibly Britain. After passing through the front, he arrived in Petrograd in April 1917. The Spanish revolution took place over seven years - from the fall of the monarchy in 1931 to the May Days of Barcelona in 1937. In the Bolshevik revolution that took place in Russia, the scarcity of food was used to rile the lower/peasant classes against the elite classes. ", Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. and Mark D. Steinberg, Gatrell, Peter. A short wave of patriotic nationalism ended in the face of defeats and poor conditions on the Eastern Front of World War I. * Troops refuse to fire on demonstrators, deserters. Also, the problem of shortages was largely solved by a major effort to increase domestic production. 26 February], when the Tsar ordered the army to suppress the rioting by force, troops began to revolt. [17] Although few actively joined the rioting, many officers were either shot or went into hiding; the ability of the garrison to hold back the protests was all but nullified, symbols of the Tsarist regime were rapidly torn down around the city, and governmental authority in the capital collapsed – not helped by the fact that Nicholas had prorogued the Duma that morning, leaving it with no legal authority to act. The Bolshevik Revolution took place in 1917, during the final phase of World War I. The effective power of the Provisional Government was challenged by the authority of an institution that claimed to represent the will of workers and soldiers and could, in fact, mobilize and control these groups during the early months of the revolution – the Petrograd Soviet Council of Workers' Deputies. These economic hardships caused them to play a far greater part in the November revolution than would have been expected from their numbers. Although the Tsar accepted the 1906 Fundamental State Laws one year later, he subsequently dismissed the first two Dumas when they proved uncooperative. 3 March], a provisional government was announced. But land, above all, wa desired by the peasants, who for 50 years had suffered from acute “land hunger.”. Even though efforts were being made to introduce legislation regarding wages, hours, and conditions of work, factory workers at that time were living in wretched conditions. [nb 3]. [29] Furthermore, the Bolshevik-controlled Moscow Regional Bureau of the Party also controlled the Party organizations of the 13 provinces around Moscow. Even after the 1905 Revolution spurred the Tsar to decree limited civil rights and democratic representation, he worked to limit even these liberties in order to preserve the ultimate authority of the crown. The situation climaxed with the October Revolution in 1917, a Bolshevik-led armed insurrection by workers and soldiers in Petrograd that successfully overthrew the Provisional Government, transferring all its authority to the Soviets. [nb 3], This vision of the Romanov monarchy left him unaware of the state of his country. This struggle was waged side by side with the other great struggle of the Bolshevik Revolution—the effort to transform backward Russia into a modern industrial state that could be independent of the outside world. The July Days confirmed the popularity of the anti-war, radical Bolsheviks, but their unpreparedness at the moment of revolt was an embarrassing gaffe that lost them support among their main constituent groups: soldiers and workers. The problem was further compounded by the failure of Sergei Witte's land reforms of the early 20th century. As the war dragged on inconclusively, war-weariness gradually took its toll. When delegates representing the Kronstadt sailors arrived at Petrograd for negotiations, they raised 15 demands primarily pertaining to the Russian right to freedom. The provisional government with its second and third coalition was led by a right wing fraction of the Socialist-Revolutionary party, SR. The Tsar was deposed and replaced by a provisional government in the first revolution of February 1917 (March in the Gregorian calendar; the older Julian calendar was in use in Russia at the time). Essay on Revolution the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, Which Assignment The Bolshevik Party represents the main force involved in the abandonment of Russia's former course for that of another. The response of the Duma, urged on by the liberal bloc, was to establish a Temporary Committee to restore law and order; meanwhile, the socialist parties established the Petrograd Soviet to represent workers and soldiers. Eventually, German officials arranged for Lenin to pass through their territory, hoping that his activities would weaken Russia or even – if the Bolsheviks came to power – lead to Russia's withdrawal from the war. Finally, the soldiers themselves, who suffered from a lack of equipment and protection from the elements, began to turn against the Tsar. The Bolsheviks had undergone a spectacular growth in membership. "[52], Cuba experienced its own communist revolution as well, known as the Cuban Revolution, which began in July 1953 under the leadership of revolutionary Fidel Castro. Conscription across Russia resulted in unwilling citizens being sent off to war. Acquiring new skills gave many workers a sense of self-respect and confidence, heightening expectations and desires. Alexander II assassinated by revolutionaries; succeeded by. Although return to Russia had become a possibility, the war made it logistically difficult. 2 March], on behalf of himself, and then, having taken advice on behalf of his son, the Tsarevich. By the end of October 1916, Russia had lost between 1,600,000 and 1,800,000 soldiers, with an additional 2,000,000 prisoners of war and 1,000,000 missing, all making up a total of nearly 5,000,000 men. Few events in historical research have been as conditioned by political influences as the October Revolution. Official Soviet demonstration in Petrograd for unity is unexpectedly dominated by Bolshevik slogans: "Down with the Ten Capitalist Ministers", "All Power to the Soviets". A growing opposition movement had begun to challenge the Romanov monarchy openly well before the turmoil of World War I. [40] The Government firmly denounced the rebellions and labelled the requests as a reminder of the Social Revolutionaries, a political party that was popular among Soviets before Lenin, but refused to cooperate with the Bolshevik Army. [27] In the aftermath, Lenin fled to Finland under threat of arrest while Trotsky, among other prominent Bolsheviks, was arrested. The Russian Revolution took place in 1917, during the final phase of World War I. They soon relocated the national capital to Moscow. First Coalition Government forms when socialists, representatives of the Soviet leadership, agree to enter the cabinet of the Provisional Government. The All Russian Zemstvo Union for the Relief of Sick and Wounded Soldiers is created with Lvov as president. The Soviet leader feared that ownership of land by the peasants would restore capitalism in another form. Grassroots community assemblies called "Soviets", which were dominated by soldiers and the urban industrial proletariat, initially permitted the Provisional Government to rule but insisted on a prerogative to influence the government and control various militias. The revolution took place in two stages. 25 February], virtually every industrial enterprise in Petrograd had been shut down, together with many commercial and service enterprises. Many socialist political organizations were engaged in daily struggle and vied for influence within the Duma and the Soviets, central among which were the Bolsheviks ("Ones of the Majority") led by Vladimir Lenin. [20] He was placed under house arrest with his family by the Provisional Government. Soon after, the government ordered soldiers to go to the front, reneging on a promise. The Soviet leaders not only wanted to liberate Russia from a dependence on the outside world which, in their opinion, threatened to make Russia a colony of advanced industrial powers. [50] The May Fourth Movement is considered a turning point where Communism took root in Chinese society, especially among intellectuals. "Writing the History of the Russian Revolution after the Fall of Communism. Russia's first major battle of the war was a disaster; in the 1914 Battle of Tannenberg, over 30,000 Russian troops were killed or wounded and 90,000 captured, while Germany suffered just 12,000 casualties. "April Days": mass demonstrations by workers, soldiers, and others in the streets of Petrograd and Moscow triggered by the publication of the Foreign Minister. Lenin did not have any direct role in the revolution and due to his personal security he was hiding. They also established Soviet power in the newly independent republics of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia and Ukraine. Russia has thus jumped from the stage of primitive agriculture, with barely the beginnings of industrialization, to large-scale development of all resources by the state, either directly or through state cooperatives. "[53] Similarly to the October Revolution, the Cuban Revolution removed a more traditional, hierarchical regime with the aim of establishing greater overall equality, specifically in the removal of former authoritarian president Fulgencio Batista. The most crucial struggle of the Soviet leaders was not a struggle waged by industrial workers against bankers, factory owners, and land lords. The arrival of radical Kronstadt sailors – who had tried and executed many officers, including one admiral – further fueled the growing revolutionary atmosphere. By the end of 1915, there were manifold signs that the economy was breaking down under the heightened strain of wartime demand. Later on on July 17th, 1918Lenin sent the family to the basement of the house because it would be more "protective". October Revolution, also called Bolshevik Revolution, (Oct. 24–25 [Nov. 6–7, New Style], 1917), the second and last major phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917, in which the Bolshevik Party seized power in Russia, inaugurating the Soviet regime. That the order came from the top has long been believed, although there is a lack of hard evidence. [17], On 10 October 1917 (O.S. During the early morning of 16 July, Nicholas, Alexandra, their children, their physician, and several servants were taken into the basement and shot. This misunderstanding is due to the fact that most people think it took place according to the predictions of the German socialist writer Karl Marx. With his coup failing, Kornilov surrendered and was relieved of his position. At least 180,000 troops were available in the capital, but most were either untrained or injured. By some other historians' accounts, Lenin and his followers were unprepared for how their groundswell of support, especially among influential worker and soldier groups, would translate into real power in the summer of 1917. Thus the cities were constantly short of food. In early September, the Petrograd Soviet freed all jailed Bolsheviks and Trotsky became chairman of the Petrograd Soviet. The immediate effect of the February Revolution was a widespread atmosphere of elation and excitement in Petrograd. Their promise to end Russia's participation in the First World War was fulfilled when the Bolshevik leaders signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany in March 1918. These 13 provinces held 37% of Russia's population and 20% of the membership of the Bolshevik faction.[29]. Although the Bolsheviks did not have extensive political experience, their portrayal of the revolution itself as both a political and symbolic order resulted in Communism's portrayal as a messianic faith, formally known as communist messianism. Nicholas also sought to foster a greater sense of national unity with a war against a common and old enemy. 3 March],[17] stating that he would take it only if that was the consensus of democratic action. Working-class women in St. Petersburg reportedly spent about forty hours a week in food lines, begging, turning to prostitution or crime, tearing down wooden fences to keep stoves heated for warmth, and continued to resent the rich. https://www.bl.uk/russian-revolution/articles/timeline-of-the-russian-revolution Historian Ian Beckett suggests around 12,000 could be regarded as reliable, but even these proved reluctant to move in on the crowd, since it included so many women. The model for the Soviets were workers' councils that had been established in scores of Russian cities during the 1905 Revolution. Conscription stripped skilled workers from the cities, who had to be replaced with unskilled peasants. Nicholas II was a deeply conservative ruler and maintained a strict authoritarian system. The provisional government and the Petrograd soviet shared power as an outcome of the February revolution. Individuals and society in general were expected to show self-restraint, devotion to community, deference to the social hierarchy and a sense of duty to the country. See Russian … However, these tribunals did come with their own set of inefficiencies, such as responding to cases in a matter of months and not having a concrete definition of "counter-revolution" that was determined on a case-by-case basis. Lenin the communist war head had sent the Romanov family right outside St. Petersburg so they wouldnt get hurt. [5], Meanwhile, Socialist Revolutionary leaders in exile, many of them living in Switzerland, had been the glum spectators of the collapse of international socialist solidarity. In February 1917, striking workers elected deputies to represent them and socialist act… The representatives of the Provisional Government agreed to "take into account the opinions of the Soviet of Workers' Deputies", though they were also determined to prevent interference which would create an unacceptable situation of dual power. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets (VTsIK) undermined the authority of the Provisional Government but also of the moderate socialist leaders of the Soviets. After the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, Lenin took charge. The model for the Soviets were workers' councils that had been established in scores of Russian cities during the 1905 Revolution. In addition, Tsarina Alexandra, left to rule in while the Tsar commanded at the front, was German born, leading to suspicion of collusion, only to be exacerbated by rumors relating to her relationship with the controversial mystic Grigori Rasputin. Surrounded the Palace, and William G. Rosenberg, eds join despite the objections their. Deputies, mainly Mensheviks and the cry for peace rates were the two cities... Land in Russia, however, is cultivated by collective farms whose receive... Logistically difficult like factories, the Tsar directed the royal train back towards Petrograd which! Tsar directed the royal train back towards Petrograd, which called upon armed Red Guards made up armed... April Theses, which outlined central Bolshevik policies organizing a citywide council become Prime and... 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